Jan 15, 2010 Mix - Ennio Morricone - The Mission YouTube Once Upon a Time in America - The Danish National Symphony Orchestra (Live) - Duration: 7:54. DR Koncerthuset 1,426,114 views. View credits, reviews, tracks and shop for the 1986 Vinyl release of The Mission (Original Soundtrack From The Motion Picture) on Discogs.
. Website Ennio Morricone, ( Italian:; born 10 November 1928) is an Italian, and former player, writing in a wide range of musical styles.
Since 1946, Morricone has composed over 400 scores for cinema and television, as well as over 100 classical works. His filmography includes over 70 award-winning films, including all of films since (including, and ), all films (since ), 's, several major films in French cinema, in particular the comedy trilogy, and, as well as,. After playing the trumpet in jazz bands in the 1940s, he became a studio arranger for and in 1955 started for film and theatre. Throughout his career, he has composed music for artists such as,. From 1960 to 1975, Morricone gained international fame for composing music for. His score to 1966's is considered one of the most influential soundtracks in history and was inducted into the.
With an estimated 10 million copies sold, Once Upon a Time in the West is one of the best-selling worldwide. He also scored seven westerns for, 's duology and 's. Morricone worked extensively for other film genres with directors such as,. His acclaimed soundtrack for (1986) was certified in the United States. The album stayed 105 weeks on the Billboard Top Classical Albums.
Morricone's best-known compositions include ', ', ', ', the UK No. 2 single ', ' and '. He functioned during the period 1966–1980 as a main member of, one of the first experimental composers collectives. In 1969, he co-founded, a prestigious recording studio. From the 1970s, Morricone excelled in Hollywood, composing for prolific American directors such as,. In 1977, he composed the official theme for the. He continued to compose music for European productions, such as,.
Morricone's music has been reused in television series, including and, and in many films, including. As of 2013, Ennio Morricone has sold over 70 million records worldwide. In 1971, he received a ' for the worldwide sales of 22 million. In 2007, he received the 'for his magnificent and multifaceted contributions to the art of film music.'
He has been nominated for a further six. In 2016, Morricone received his first Academy Award for his score to Quentin Tarantino's film The Hateful Eight (2015), at the time becoming the oldest person ever to win a competitive Oscar. His other achievements include three, three, six, ten, eleven, two, the and the in 2010. Contents. Life and career Morricone was born in Rome, the son of Libera Ridolfi and Mario Morricone, a musician. His family came from, near.
Morricone, who had four siblings, Adriana, Aldo, Maria and Franca, lived in, in the centre of Rome, with his parents. Mario was a trumpet player who worked professionally in different light-music orchestras, while Libera set up a small textile business. Classical education His first teacher was his father Mario Morricone, who taught him how to read music and also to play several instruments. Compelled to take up the trumpet, he entered the, to take trumpet lessons under the guidance of Umberto Semproni. Morricone in 1978 with Morricone played a key role in The Group and was among the core members in its revolving line-up; in addition to serving as their trumpet player, he directed them on many occasions and they can be heard on a large number of his scores from the 1970s. Held in high regard in avant-garde music circles, they are considered to be the first experimental composers collective, their only peers being the British improvisation collective.
Their influence can be heard in free improvising ensembles from the European movements including, the Swiss electronic free improvisation group, and in the techniques of modern classical music and avant-garde jazz groups. The ensemble's groundbreaking work informed their work in composition. The ensemble also performed in varying capacities with Morricone, contributing to some of his '60s and '70s Italian soundtracks, including (1969) and (1971). Film music genres Comedy His earliest scores were Italian light comedy and costume pictures, where Morricone learned to write simple, memorable themes. During the sixties and seventies he composed the scores for comedies such as (1962), (1963), 's (1963), (1965), (1965), (1966), (1967), (1968), (1969), (1972), (1972) and (1972).
His best-known scores for comedies includes (1978) and (1980), both directed by, (1980), 's (1985), 's (1990) and Warren Beatty's Bulworth (1998). Morricone has never ceased to arrange and write music for comedies. In 2007, he composed a lighthearted score for the Italian romantic comedy Tutte le Donne della mia Vita by Simona Izzo, the director who co-wrote the Morricone-scored religious mini-series Il Papa Buono. Westerns Though his first films were undistinguished, Morricone's arrangement of an American folk song intrigued director and former schoolmate Sergio Leone. Before being associated with Leone, Morricone had already composed some music for less-known western movies such as (aka Gunfight at Red Sands) (1963).
In 1962, Morricone met American folksinger, who is credited with singing the lyrics of Morricone's songs such as 'A Gringo Like Me' (from Gunfight at Red Sands) and 'Lonesome Billy' (from Bullets Don't Argue). Association with Sergio Leone The turning point in Morricone's career took place in 1964, the year in which his third child, who would also become a film composer, was born. Film director Sergio Leone hired Morricone, and together they created a distinctive score to accompany Leone's of the, A Fistful of Dollars (1964). The Dollars trilogy.
From film score Problems playing this file? As memorable as Leone's, harsh violence, and black comedy, Morricone's work helped to expand the musical possibilities of film scoring. Morricone was initially billed on the film as Dan Savio.
A Fistful of Dollars came out in Italy in 1964 and was released in America three years later, greatly popularizing the so-called genre. For the American release, Sergio Leone and Ennio Morricone decided to adopt American-sounding names, so they called themselves respectively Bob Robertson and Dan Savio. Over the film's theatrical release, it grossed more than any other Italian film up to that point. The film debuted in the United States in January 1967, where it grossed 4.5 million for the year. It eventually grossed $14.5 million in its American release, against its budget of US$200–250,000. With the score of A Fistful of Dollars, Morricone began his 20-year collaboration with his childhood friend and his Cantori Moderni.
Alessandroni provided the whistling and the twanging guitar on the film scores, while his Cantori Moderni were a flexible troupe of modern singers. Morricone specifically exploited the solo of the group, at the height of her powers 'an extraordinary voice at my disposal'. The composer subsequently scored Leone's other two (or ) spaghetti westerns: (1965) and The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (1966). All three films starred the American actor as The Man With No Name and depicted Leone's own intense vision of the mythical West. Some of the music was written before the film, which was unusual. Leone's films were made like that because he wanted the music to be an important part of it; he kept the scenes longer because he did not want the music to end. According to Morricone this explains why the films are so slow.
Despite the small film budgets, the Dollars Trilogy was a box-office success. The available budget for The Good, the Bad and The Ugly was about US$1.2 million, but it became the most successful film of the Dollars Trilogy, grossing US$25.1 million in the United States and over 2,3 billion (1,2 million EUR) in Italy alone. Morricone's score became a major success and sold over three million copies worldwide. On 14 August 1968 the original score was certified by the with a golden record for the sale of 500,000 copies in the United States only. The main theme of For a Few Dollars More (') was covered by ('For a Few Dollars More'), ('Theme From a Few Dollars More'), ('For A Few Dollars More'), ('For a Few Dollars More'), and Matti Heinivaho ('Arosusi'). More recently, a cover was done by ('Hasta Luego'). A remix was done by, 'For a Few Dollars More (Terranova Remix)'.
Hugo Montenegro's version of the of The Good, the Bad and the Ugly sold over one million copies worldwide. Montenegro's album with the same name included a selection of Morricone's compositions from the Dollars Trilogy. In the United States, the album was certified gold by the RIAA on 9 September 1969. The was later sampled by artists such as ('),.
' became one of Morricone's best-known compositions. The opening scene of 's (2006), in which the cast is chased through a suburban neighborhood by bulls, is accompanied by this piece. While punk rock band the used 'The Ecstasy of Gold' as closing theme during their live performances, uses 'The Ecstasy of Gold' as the introductory music for its concerts since 1983 This composition is also included on Metallica's live symphonic album as well as the live album.
An instrumental metal cover by Metallica (with minimal vocals by lead singer ) appeared on the 2007 Morricone tribute album. This metal version was nominated for a in the category of.
In 2009, the Grammy Award-winning hip-hop artist extensively sampled the theme for his song 'Change'. Once Upon a Time in the West and others.
Main article: Subsequent to the success of the Dollars trilogy, Morricone composed also the scores for Once Upon a Time in the West (1968) and Leone's last credited western film (1971), as well as the scores for (1973) and (1975), produced by Sergio Leone. Morricone's score for is one of the best-selling original instrumental scores in the world today, with up to 10 million copies sold, including one million copies in France and over 800,000 copies in the Netherlands.
One of the main themes from the score, 'A Man with Harmonica' (L'uomo Dell'armonica), became worldwide known and sold over 1,260,000 copies in France alone. This theme was later sampled in popular songs such as 's ' (1990) and 's ambient single ' (1990). Film composer sampled 'A Man with Harmonica' in 2007 as part of his composition 'Parlay' (from the soundtrack ). The collaboration with Leone is considered one of the exemplary. Morricone's last score for Leone was for his last film, the gangster drama (1984).
Leone died on 30 April 1989 of a heart attack at the age of 60. Before his death in 1989, Leone was part-way through planning a film on the, set during World War II. By 1989, Leone had been able to acquire US$100 million in financing from independent backers for the war epic. He had convinced Morricone to compose the film score. The project was canceled when Leone died two days before he was to officially sign on for the film. In early 2003, Italian filmmaker Giuseppe Tornatore announced he would direct a film called Leningrad. The film has yet to go into production and Morricone has been cagey thus far as to details on account of Tornatore's superstitious nature.
As of 2018, no further details about this film have been released. Association with Sergio Corbucci and Sergio Sollima Two years after the start of his collaboration with Sergio Leone, Morricone also started to score music for another Spaghetti Western director,. The composer wrote music for Corbucci's (1966), (1967), (1968), (1968), (1970), (1972) and (1972). In addition, Morricone composed music for the western films by, The Big Gundown (with, 1966), (1967) and (1968), as well as the 1970 crime thriller (with ) and the film (1973).
Other westerns Other relevant scores for less popular Spaghetti Westerns include (1963)(1964), (1965), (1965), (1966), (1966), 's (1967) and (1968), (1967), (with and, 1968), (1968), (1969), 's (1970), (1972) and (1981). Dramas & political movies With Leone's films, Ennio Morricone's name had been put firmly on the map. Most of Morricone's film scores of the 1960s were composed outside the Spaghetti Western genre, while still using Alessandroni's team.
Their music included the themes for Il Malamondo (1964), Slalom (1965) and Listen, Let's Make Love (1967). In 1968, Morricone reduced his work outside the movie business and wrote scores for 20 films in the same year. The scores included psychedelic accompaniment for 's superhero romp (1968). Ennio Morricone at the He made his North American concert debut on 3 February 2007 at in New York City. The previous evening, Morricone had already presented at the United Nations a concert comprising some of his film themes, as well as the cantata Voci dal silenzio to welcome the new Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon.
A review bemoaned the poor acoustics and opined of Morricone: 'His stick technique is adequate, but his charisma as a conductor is zero.' Morricone, though, has said: 'Conducting has never been important to me. If the audience comes for my gestures, they had better stay outside.'
On 12 December 2007 Morricone conducted the Orchestra Roma Sinfonietta at the in Vienna, presenting a selection of his own works. Together with the Roma Sinfonietta and the Belfast Philharmonic Choir, Morricone performed at the Opening Concerts of the, in the on 17 and 18 October 2008.
Morricone and Orchestra Roma Sinfonietta also held a concert at the (Belgrade, Serbia) on 14 February 2009. On 10 April 2010 Morricone conducted a concert at the in London with the and (as in all of his previous London concerts) the. On 11 September he conducted a concert in. On 26 February 2012 Morricone made his Australian debut when he conducted the Western Australian Youth Orchestra together with a 100 voice chorus (made up primarily of WASO chorus members) at the Burswood Theatre (part of (formerly known as Burswood Entertainment Complex)) in. On 2 March 2012 he conducted the at Elder Park, as part of the. On 22 December 2012 Morricone conducted the 85-piece Belgian orchestra 'Orkest der Lage Landen' and a 100-piece choir during a two-hour concert in the in Antwerp. In November 2013 Morricone began a world tour to coincide with the 50th anniversary of his film music career and performed in locations such as the in Moscow, Berlin, Germany (O2 World), Budapest, Hungary, and Vienna (Stadhalle).
Back in June 2014, Morricone had to cancel a U.S tour in New York (Barclays Center) and Los Angeles (Nokia Theatre LA Live) due to a back procedure on 20 February. Morricone postponed the rest of his world tour. In November 2014 Morricone stated that he will resume his European tour starting from February 2015. Forum Music Village. Main article: In the late 1960s, Morricone and three other Italian composers (, and Luis Bacalov) founded (Rome), previously called Ortophonic recording studio.
The recording studio has some peculiarities, one of them is the ability to record a church organ directly to the studio. Morricone has been using the studio to create his scores for the past 40 years. The studio has hosted many directors who have worked alongside him, including Brian De Palma, and Barry Levinson. The Academy Award-winning scores of by and by were recorded in Studio A of Forum Music Village.
Notable artists who have recorded at Forum Music Village are, Andrea Bocelli,. Personal life On 13 October 1956 he married Maria Travia, whom he had met in 1950. Travia has written lyrics to complement her husband's pieces. Her works include the Latin texts for The Mission. They have three sons and a daughter, in order of birth: Marco (1957), Alessandra (1961), the conductor and film composer (Andrew) (1964), and Giovanni Morricone (1966), a filmmaker, who lives in New York City. Morricone has lived in Italy his entire life and has never desired to live in Hollywood.
Morricone is also not fluent in English and will give interviews only in Italian, his. Influence. Main article: Ennio Morricone has influenced many artists from other styles and genres, including, Metallica,. Morricone's influence extends into the realm of pop music. Had a hit with a version of the from The Good, the Bad and the Ugly in both the United Kingdom and the United States.
This was followed by his album of Morricone's music in 1968. Aside from his music having been sampled by everyone from rappers , to electronic outfits , Morricone wrote 'Se Telefonando', which became Italy's fifth biggest-selling record of 1966 and has since been re-recorded by, among many others, and scored the strings for 'Dear God, Please Help Me' on 's 2006 Ringleader of the Tormentors album.
Morricone's film music was also recorded by many artists. Recorded an album of Morricone's music, with Keith Rosenberg in the mid-1980s. Lyricists and poets have helped convert some of his melodies into a songbook. Morricone collaborated with world music artists, like Portuguese singer (in 2003 with Focus, an album praised by and where his songbook can be sampled) and cellist Yo-Yo Ma (in 2004), who both recorded albums of Morricone classics with the Roma Sinfonietta Orchestra and Morricone himself conducting.
The album sold over 130,000 copies in 2004. In 1990 the American singer, best known for the 1979 disco hit 'Knock on Wood', recorded a tribute album entitled for the label, including a selection of the composer's best-known songs.
Since the mid-1980s Stewart resides in Italy, the Pearls album features Rome's Philharmonic Orchestra and was co-produced by Morricone himself., uses Morricone's as an intro at their concerts (shock jocks also used the song at the start of their and shows.) The also played it on Metallica's album. The theme from A Fistful of Dollars is also used as a concert intro. ', s hit single (2006) was musically inspired by Morricone. The, Morricone's tribute band started in Australia.
Has admitted Morricone's influence. Morricone at the., has noted Morricone's influence on his writing, in particular on album.
In 2007, the tribute album was released, featuring performances by various artists, including, Bruce Springsteen and Metallica. Morricone inspired the namesake of, a New York band dedicated to playing music from film and television, founded by musician and radio host Devon E. In addition to composers like and, the band has performed music from a large spectrum of Morricone's film career, ranging from his work in the spaghetti westerns to The Exorcist II, as well as original Morricone-inspired pieces.
On their 2008 album, the independent rock band composed and included a song as a theme/tribute to Morricone entitled 'Theme (for Ennio Morricone)'., drew inspiration from the recording style of Morricone for their album. Cites Morricone as an influence for the songs 'City of Delusion', 'Hoodoo', and ' on their album.
The band has recently started playing the song 'Man with a Harmonica' live played by Chris Wolstenholme, as an intro to 'Knights of Cydonia'. 'The Globalist' from their 2015 album features a Morricone-influenced introduction. The score for, composed by was inspired and uses several elements from Morricone's original soundtrack from, directed by, the 1982 film of the same name. His composition 'Alla luce del giorno', being used for a 30-second YouTube advertisement for Grubhub in September–October 2017. ', a song released in 2014 by French music producer, is influenced by Morricone's western scores. Discography.
27 December 2017. Retrieved 2018-10-17.
11 July 2015. Retrieved 2015-07-13. Retrieved 2015-12-31. 1 December 2008.
Retrieved 2015-12-28. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
18 March 2006. Retrieved 2012-12-19. Charles Leinberger. Retrieved 2016-11-06. Retrieved 2011-09-13. Charles Leinberger (1 September 2004).
Scarecrow Press. Retrieved 2013-01-22. Polar Music Prize. Retrieved 2017-08-17. Archived from on 11 February 2009.
Archived from on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2011.
Retrieved 2013-01-22. 3 December 1911. Retrieved 2011-09-13. Retrieved 2012-01-28., Retrieved on 17 July 2016. Archived from on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2016. Retrieved 2016-11-06.
Retrieved on 4 February 2013., Retrieved on 4 February 2013. 2009-09-29 at the, Verve Music Group, retrieved 6 February 2013. HitParade Italia Site.
Retrieved 6 February 2013., HitParadeItalia.it. Retrieved 6 February 2013. Archived from on 14 July 2011.
Retrieved 24 August 2014., Gino Castaldo, 25 March 2010. 1 May 2015 at the. Retrieved on 4 February 2013. Retrieved 2013-01-22. Enrico Deregibus (8 October 2010). Enrico Deregibus. Retrieved 2013-01-22., biography, Allmusic, Sylvie Harrison.
Retrieved 24 January 2013. Alvin Lucia, liner notes, Niente. (The Omni Recording Corporation/The Roundtable), 2012. dangerousminds.net, 5 November 2011. Retrieved 2014-08-24. Nick Vivarelli International Correspondent @NickVivarelli (15 February 2007).
Retrieved 2014-08-24. Tauris, 2 April 2006. ^ Hughes, p., retrieved 28 January 2013., Retrieved 24 January 2013 30 May 2011 at. Retrieved 2015-06-01.
Retrieved 2015-06-01. Retrieved 2015-06-01. Retrieved 2015-06-01.
Retrieved 2015-06-01. Retrieved 2015-06-01., Discogs.com. Retrieved 22 January 2013.
30 May 2011 at., Whosampled, retrieved 22 January 2013. 2 February 2007 at the, Metallica.com, 11 March 2007. 31 May 2013 at the, Metallic World, retrieved 22 January 2013. on, Change, 15 February 2009. Archived from on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2011. Archived from on 30 March 2014.
Retrieved 12 December 2011. Archived from on 16 February 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2011. 8 February 2011 at the, Future Legend Records, Retrieved 15 February 2007.
28 December 2012 at the by Annarita Guarnieri, Book Junkies Journal, retrieved 22 January 2013. Archived from on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2011., Whosampled, retrieved 23 January 2013. 'Steve Reich'. 1 November 1996.
'Hans Zimmer's Parlay Interpolation (Replayed Sample) of Multiple Elements'. 23 December 2013. Archived from on 11 March 2007. Retrieved 10 January 2009.
Retrieved 11 November 2013. 2 December 2008 at the, Infodisc, Retrieved 23 January 2013. Retrieved on 23 January 2013. Archived from on 31 July 2012. Retrieved 2010-04-03. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
Archived from on 31 July 2012. Retrieved 3 April 2010. 6 February 2013 at. Archived from on 5 October 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
Retrieved 12 January 2014. Archived from on 20 September 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2011. Archived from on 3 November 2011.
Retrieved 12 December 2011. ^, accessed September 2011., Charles Leinberger, Scarecrow Press, 1 September 2004., Quietus interview, 8 April 2010. Retrieved 2011-06-18. Retrieved 2011-12-10. Archived from on 5 January 2013. Retrieved 2011-10-06. 25 February 2007.
Archived from on 24 November 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2011. Archived from on 14 February 2012.
Retrieved 12 December 2011. ^ The Academy of Motion Picture Arts And Sciences, accessed September 2011. ^, HitFix, Guy Lodge, 14 November 2012.
^ (23 February 2001). London: Guardian. Retrieved 2014-08-24. American Film Institute (23 September 2005). Retrieved 2014-08-24. Retrieved 23 January 2013. Retrieved 2011-08-02., New York Times, 28 January 2007.
Alain Silver & Elizabeth Ward, ed. (28 November 1988). 'Filmography of neo-noir'. Film Noir: An Encyclopedic Reference to the American Style (3rd ed.). Woodstock, New York: The Overlook Press., soundtrack review. Retrieved 23 January 2013., Tarantino.info, 9 November 2008.
Retrieved 23 January 2013. Wise, Damon (15 August 2009).
The Guardian. From the original on 1 February 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2010. Archived from on 2 February 2010.
Retrieved 26 September 2009. Wales Online. 23 August 2009. Archived from on 2 February 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2010. Cataldo, Jesse (31 August 2009). Archived from on 2 February 2010.
Retrieved 23 November 2009., Heyuguys.co.uk, Kenji Lloyd, 13 December 2012., Hollywood Reporter, 28 December 2012. Retrieved 2014-01-01. Archived from on 20 August 2011. Retrieved 2009-08-01. Goddard, S.
Mozipedia, p. London: Ebury Press, 2009. 1 October 2008.
Archived from on 8 November 2013. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
Retrieved 2011-09-13. Barna, Daniel (9 January 2009).
Archived from on 16 February 2009. Retrieved 8 March 2011. 1 September 2009. Archived from on 30 December 2015.
Retrieved 1 January 2014. 21 September 2011. Archived from on 29 March 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2012. 18 April 2011. Retrieved 2011-09-13. 24 August 2011.
Retrieved 27 August 2011. Archived from on 2 January 2012.
Retrieved 2011-03-08. 18 July 2011. Retrieved 27 August 2011. 29 August 2011. Retrieved 27 August 2011. Valentina Zannoni (30 October 2011). Swide Magazine.
Retrieved 19 May 2012., filmmusicreporter.com, 4 April 2012., screendaily.com, 6 May 2015. Eliana Dockterman. Retrieved 22 October 2015. Anderson, Ariston (30 January 2016). Retrieved 18 October 2018.
Opam, Kwame (28 February 2016). Retrieved 18 October 2018. Charles Leinberger (2004). Scarecrow Press. Retrieved 2013-09-22.
Archived from on 1 January 2014. Retrieved 31 December 2013. Retrieved 2013-01-31. Archived from on 25 June 2013.
Retrieved 31 January 2013. 15 October 1987. Retrieved 2014-08-24.
October 16, 2013, at the. 15 October 1987. Retrieved 2014-08-24. Retrieved 2014-08-24. 13 June 2000. Retrieved 2014-08-24., Film Score Monthly., theflorencenewspaper.com, 12 October 2012.
17 June 2014. Retrieved 2014-08-24. 20 November 2014. Retrieved 22 October 2015. Archived from on 8 November 2013. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
Retrieved 2013-12-31. Doran, John (8 April 2010). Retrieved 22 June 2015. Sweeting, Adam (22 February 2001). Retrieved 22 June 2015.
Retrieved 2016-01-21. Guitar Player, Sept.' Retrieved 2016-01-20. Retrieved 2016-01-20. Omnibus Press.
Retrieved 2016-01-20. Mojo Magazine. Retrieved 2016-01-20. Retrieved 2016-01-20.
Retrieved 2012-12-20. Retrieved 2012-12-20. Retrieved 2012-12-20., Variety, Retrieved 7 February 2013. Retrieved 2016-02-17.
Retrieved 2013-01-27. Paste magazine.com. Retrieved 2013-01-27. Rebecca Nicholson (12 February 2011). Retrieved 2012-03-31. Interview Magazine. Retrieved 2016-07-09.
Morricone Youth. Retrieved 2013-01-27. Retrieved 2013-01-27. 14 February 2011. Retrieved 2016-01-20.
Ryan, Gary (7 July 2006). Retrieved 2012-08-16. Retrieved 2013-01-27. Archived from on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Retrieved 17 November 2012. Retrieved 17 November 2012. Archived from on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2011. (in Korean). 30 March 2010.
Retrieved 12 December 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2011. Archived from on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2011. Retrieved 2014-08-24., Mojo Box Office, retrieved 1 February 2013.
Paul Rosenfield (29 March 1987). Retrieved 2013-12-29. Cones (1997).
Retrieved 2013-12-29. Box Office Mojo. Archived from on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-06.
Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2014-01-09. Retrieved 21 January 2015., IB Times, 2012. Retrieved 2016-11-06.
Archived from on 28 October 2011. Retrieved 17 September 2011. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title The Academy of Motion Picture Arts And Sciences, accessed September 2011.
Retrieved 2012-02-18. Quincy Jones. From the original on 23 October 2012.
Retrieved 2011-09-13. Retrieved 2013-01-29. Retrieved 2013-01-29. Retrieved 2013-01-29. Retrieved 2014-01-11. Archived from on 8 March 2012.
Retrieved 13 September 2011. 11 December 2013. Retrieved 2014-01-01. Further reading. / (1928). (1932). (1934).
(1935). / and (1936). / / / (1937). / / and /, Devereaux Jennings, Irmin Roberts, Art Smith, Harry D. Mills, Walter Oberst / and Allen Davey / (1938). / / / (, )/ (1939). / (1940)., John N.
Hawkins, and the / and his associates / Rey Scott / (1941). / / (1942).
(1943). / (1944). Republic Studio, and the Republic Studio Sound Department / / / (1945). / / / (1946). /, and / / (1947).
/ / / (1948). / / / (1949). / / (1950) 1951–1975.